Quantifying the life-cycle health impacts of a cobalt-containing lithium-ion battery
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract Purpose Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been criticized for contributing to negative social impacts along their life cycles, especially child labor and harsh working conditions during cobalt extraction. This study focuses on human health — arguably the most fundamental of all impacts. The aim is quantify potential life-cycle an LIB cell type nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC 811) in terms disability-adjusted years (DALY), as well identify hotspots ways reduce Methods A cradle-to-gate attributional assessment conducted with functional unit one sole endpoint considered. studied produced a large-scale “gigafactory” Sweden, sulfate cathode China, raw material sourced from Democratic Republic Congo (DRC). Potential both emissions occupational accidents are quantified DALY, making this impact pathway (or II) regard assessment. Two scenarios fatality rates artisanal mining DRC considered: high scenario at 2000 fatalities/year low 65 fatalities/year. Results Applying rate, contribute notably total (13%). However, production nickel (used cathode) copper foil (the anode current collector) even more (30% 20%, respectively). These contributions sensitive selected time horizon assessment, longer or shorter horizons leading considerably increased decreased impacts, respectively. Conclusions In order LIB, it recommended (i) investigate feasibility replacing another able provide collector functionality, (ii) metal extraction (particularly copper), (iii) increase recycled content metals supplied manufacturing, (iv) improve standards DRC, particular by reducing fatal accidents.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['0948-3349', '1614-7502']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02084-3